Suchergebnisse

In France the Last Decade has Witnessed a Notable Attempt at renewing the theory and practice of representative democracy. This has taken the form of a campaign, first launched in 1992, to tackle the significant under-representation of women in all of France's main arenas of elective representation by according constitutional status to the principle ofparite. The campaign focused on the claim that, as one half of humankind, women in democratic polities should have the right to hold half of all elective offices:'Femmes: moitie de la terre, moitie du pouvoire. Its supporters contended that the requirement that elective positions be held by equal numbers of men and women would revitalize French democracy, ushering in a new form of democratic polity:une democratie paritaire.

The French state's attempt to correct gender imbalance within its national legislature is studied. An overview of gender imbalance in France's National Assembly & Senate 1970s-early 1990s is presented. It is contended that two political processes -- the "presidentialization" of French politics in 1962 & the "judicialization" of gender policy in 1982 -- are responsible for separating France's political system apart from those belonging to its European neighbors. The relationship between presidentialization & the passage of legislation that implemented minimum gender quotas into the political system is subsequently examined. In addition, the concomitant emergence of the Etat de droit & its effects on the redefinition of the notion of gendered citizenship in France that resulted in the promotion of gender parity are investigated. It is concluded that the notion of citizenship in France is based on men & women's political equality. J. W. Parker

Examines the effects of national & global regulatory reforms on legal & medical services in France & GB. Regulatory competition & managed mutual recognition are discussed in regard to the professional services of the European market. The combination of regionalization, globalization, & the national management of regulatory reform is emphasized. It is concluded that the interaction of new regional & global processes of economic integration have resulted differently in the medical & legal sectors of France & GB. The legal sector shows significant reform of regulatory competition, yet it is driven from within the profession nationally. The medical sector demonstrates new forms of professional competition in both GB & France. 46 References. S. Jameson

The organization of the medical and legal professions in Britain has depended heavily on ideologies of self-regulation, and on different institutional creations inspired by those ideologies. Self-regulation balances professions between the market and the state. In recent years both medicine and the law have been subjected to greater competition in the market, and greater control by the state. Part of the explanation for change lies in conditions particular to medicine and law but the similarity in recent regulatory experiences can only be explained by the working of common external forces. Two are identified: the impact of long-term cultural change on a regulatory balancing act originally created in an undemocratic and hierarchical society; and the impact of a modernizing elite in British government seeking to use state power to reverse the decline in British competitiveness.

Although there is a growing body of international literature on the feminisation of politics and the policy process and, as New Labour's term of office progresses, a rapidly growing series of texts around New Labour's politics and policies, until now no one text has conducted an analysis of New Labour's politics and policies from a gendered perspective, despite the fact that New Labour have set themselves up to specifically address women's issues and attract women voters. This book fills that gap in an interesting and timely way. Women and New Labour will be a valuable addition to both feminist and mainstream scholarship in the social sciences, particularly in political science, social policy and economics. Instead of focusing on traditionally feminist areas of politics and policy (such as violent crime against women) the authors opt to focus on three case study areas of mainstream policy (economic policy, foreign policy and welfare policy) from a gendered perspective. The analytical framework provided by the editors yields generalisable insights that will outlast New Labour's third term